• Carbon chains may be in the form of straight chains, branched chains or rings.

• Carbon compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are called structural isomers.

• Saturated hydrocarbons on combustion give carbon dioxide and water with the liberation of heat.

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions while saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reactions.

• Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (glacial acetic acid) are carbon compounds of importance in our daily life.

Improve your learning

Reflections on concepts

 1. Name the simplest hydrocarbon. (AS1)

2. What are the general molecular formulae of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. (AS1)

3. Name the carboxylic acid used as a preservative. (AS1)

4. Name the product other than water formed on burning of ethanol in air. (AS1)

5. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding; can you tell why a mixture of ethyne? and air is not used? (AS1)

6. Name the simplest ketone and write its molecular formula. (AS1)

7. What do we call the self linking property of carbon? (AS1)

8. Name the compound formed by heating ethanol at 443 K with excess of conc. H2SO4 (AS1)

9. Give an example for esterification reaction. (AS1)

10. Name the product obtained when ethanol is oxidized by either chromic anhydride or alkaline potassium permanganate. (AS1)

11. Write the chemical equation representing the reaction of preparation of ethanol from ethene.(AS1)

12. What are homologous series of carbon compounds? Mention any two characteristics of homologous series. (AS1)

13. Give the names of functional groups (i) -- CHO (ii) -- C = O. (AS1)

14. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding? (AS1)

15. Explain how sodium ethoxide is obtained from ethanol? Give chemical equations. (AS1)

16. Explain the cleansing action of soap. (AS1)

17. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds. (AS1)

18. Explain the structure of graphite in term of bonding and give one property based on this structure. (AS1)

19. Name the acid present in vinegar. (AS1)

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