powers. A large number of new countries were formed like Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, etc.

The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy penalty on Germany both in monetary terms – Germany had to pay war indemnity or compensation to the victorious allies – and in territorial terms, it lost a lot of its territory to France and other countries

The league of nation-1920

  • How do you think organisations like the
    League of Nations help to resolve
    conflicts between two countries? What
    can they do to resolve the conflicts?
  • The League of Nations was the first ever international organisation which was formed as a consequence of the treaty of Versailles. It was established on Eleventh of January, 1920. It was formed to prevent wars by trying to settle disputes through negotiations, ensure disarmament or reduce manufacturing of arms etc. It also sought to work for development, labour welfare and health. It had about fifty eight members. It had limited success initially but failed to prevent the Second World War.

    Data of the Russion Revolution

    Russia followed the Julian calendar until 1 February 1918. The country then changed to the Gregorian calendar, which is followed everywhere today. The Gregorian dates are 13 days ahead of the Julian dates. So, by our calendar, the ‘February’ Revolution took place on 12th March and the ‘October’ Revolution took place on 7th November.

    The russian Socialist Revolution(1917-1922)

    Russia was ruled by Tsars (emperors) in early 20th century. It was a vast area of land spread over two continents, Europe and Asia. Therefore it had been called a Euro-Asian power. It had the third largest population in the world, viz. 156 million, after China and India. It comprised of several nations like Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan etc. The livelihood of most Russians came from agriculture. Often there were struggles between peasants and feudal lords for control over land. The feudal lords owned most of the lands and most peasants paid rent for the land they tilled.

    Tsar Nicholas II ruled over his vast Russian empire with the help of the army and bureaucracy. But the Russian economy had suffered a lot by the first World War. The Russian army was the largest in the world before World War I. Yet, by 1917, Russia had lost the lives of two million soldiers and civilians. It became the


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