With World War I, the German, Austro- Hungarian, Russian and Turkish empires
came to an end. The map of eastern and central Europe was redrawn on the basis of
nationality, economic viability and military security. When World War II came to
an end, the map of the world changed yet again as ex-colonies became independent
nations.

After a long struggle for political right like right to vote, British women got
these rights in 1918. In the long lasting wars like the World Wars, industrial
production and other services are necessary. Because men were in the battle fields,
more women had to work in factories, shops, offices, voluntary services, hospitals
and schools. With the new confidence of becoming bread-winners, women began
raising their voices for equality in all walks of life. Getting the right to vote was a
big step in that direction.

The United Nations Organisation (UNO) was established after World War II.
UN is a kind of world government based on four principles, viz. preserving peace,
upholding human rights, respecting international law and promoting social progress.
It works through agencies like UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO, ILO, etc. The UNO,
despite being accused of becoming a tool of the great powers like USA, and Russia
(USSR) has managed to prevent wars and maintain peace and stability. We learn
more about UNO and how it worked in 19th chapter in detail.