The apostrophe is used here to talk about something that belongs to somebody or something. But it is also used to indicate the omission of a few letters, thus forming short forms or contractions. Don’t is the short form of do not. Similarly, I’m is the short form of I am. June’09 is the short form of June 2009. In this case, apostrophe indicates that some letters/ numbers are omitted

Read the following sentences and identify the contracted forms. Rewrite them in long form.
  1. “I don’t know’’ she replied. “He’s really sick and Mummy says he needs an operation.”
  2. But Daddy can’t pay for it.
  3. Let’s see if I’ve the kind of miracle he needs.
III. Read the following story:

Two rats fell into a milk pot. The first rat stopped making attempts to swim thinking that no one would save it. So, it drowned and lost its life. The other rat decided to continue swimming in the pot round and round. After some time, the milk turned into curd, the rat sat on it, and thus saved its life.

Look at the verbs underlined above. They fall into two categories as shown below.

Regular verbs
Present Tense Past Tense
decide decided (d)
stop stopped (ed)


Irregular verbs
Present Tense Past Tense
fall fell
lose lost

The past tense forms of regular verbs are formed by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ to their present tense forms. Irregular verbs have different forms for the present and past tenses. Here are some irregular verbs.

Present Tense Past Tense
fall fell
give gave
rise rose
speak spoke


Present Tense Past Tense
sing sang
leave left
teach taught
drink drank




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